HackThisSite - Application Mission 6

Challenge

Find the Password (easy) 附件是一个 Windows 控制台程序，要求输入密码并校验；只有把正确口令输入进去，程序才会把 HTS 要提交的密码回显出来。

附件 app6win.zip 里只有一个 app6win.exe。是用 MSVC 编译的原生 PE，入口处有一段自解密壳：先把 .text 改成可写，XOR 还原 204 字节被加密的代码，再跳进去执行真正的 main。密码校验就在这段被还原出来的代码里。

Solution

Recon:

file app6win.exe → PE32 executable for MS Windows 4.00 (console), Intel i386, 3 sections
strings -a 能看到明文常量 Please enter the password:、Invalid Password、The password is %s，还有一个残留的源文件名 main2.exe。
直接 strings 搜不到口令，也搜不到校验逻辑对应的字符串，因为真正干活的代码被 XOR 加壳了：入口只解密 204 字节再执行。
静态定位壳：Ghidra 无头反编译 FUN_00401000 就是解密器，参数是 VA 0x4010d3、长度 0x33 个 dword、密钥 0xbeefcabe。

Step 1: Ghidra 无头反编译整程序

DecompileAll.java 把每个函数输出为 C：

$ cd <hts-workspace>/challenges/hts-app && mkdir -p out
$ /opt/ghidra/support/analyzeHeadless /tmp/ghproj app6 \
    -import app6/win/app6win.exe \
    -scriptPath <hts-workspace>/challenges/hts-app \
    -postScript DecompileAll.java -deleteProject > out/app6_decomp.txt 2>&1
$ grep -c '============' out/app6_decomp.txt
92

-scriptPath 必须给绝对路径，否则 Ghidra 报 Failed to find script in any script directory。

Step 2: 读解密壳

入口 entry 最终调用 FUN_00401000，它的反编译结果就是自解密逻辑：

void FUN_00401000(void)
{
  DWORD local_2c;
  _MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION local_28;
  undefined *local_c;
  uint local_8;

  VirtualQuery(&DAT_004010d3,&local_28,0x1c);
  VirtualProtect(&DAT_004010d3,0xd0,local_28.Protect & 0xffffffdd | 4,&local_2c);
  local_c = &DAT_004010d3;
  for (local_8 = 0; local_8 < 0x33; local_8 = local_8 + 1) {
    *(uint *)(&DAT_004010d3 + local_8 * 4) = *(uint *)(&DAT_004010d3 + local_8 * 4) ^ 0xbeefcabe;
  }
  func_0x004010d3();
  return;
}

VirtualProtect 的保护标志把 local_28.Protect 与 0xffffffdd 相与再或上 4，即把所在内存页加上 PAGE_READWRITE（4），然后对 DAT_004010d3 起的 0x33 个 dword 反复 XOR 0xbeefcabe，最后 func_0x004010d3() 直接跳进刚解密的代码。 $\mathtt{0x33} \times 4 = \mathtt{0xcc}$ 字节，覆盖 VA 0x4010d3 到 0x40119e。

Step 3: 离线重放 XOR，还原真正的 main

壳的变换是可逆的，直接对文件重放同一个 XOR 即可静态看到明文代码。完整脚本：

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Decrypt app6win.exe's self-decrypting .text stub and dump the hidden function.

The PE entry (via FUN_00401000) VirtualProtect()s the .text page to RW, then
XORs 0x33 dwords starting at VA 0x4010d3 with 0xbeefcabe before calling into it.
This script replays that XOR so the real main can be disassembled statically.
"""
import struct

PATH = "app6win.exe"
IMAGE_BASE = 0x400000
# columns: name, RVA, virtual size, raw pointer, raw size (from the PE section table)
SECTIONS = [
    (".text",  0x1000, 0x4ae6, 0x1000, 0x5000),
    (".rdata", 0x6000, 0x087e, 0x6000, 0x1000),
    (".data",  0x7000, 0x1e44, 0x7000, 0x1000),
]
DECRYPT_VA = 0x4010d3
XOR_KEY = 0xbeefcabe
N_DWORDS = 0x33
15 collapsed lines


def va_to_offset(va):
    rva = va - IMAGE_BASE
    for _, rva0, vsize, rawptr, rawsize in SECTIONS:
        if rva0 <= rva < rva0 + max(vsize, rawsize):
            return rawptr + (rva - rva0)
    raise ValueError(f"VA {va:#x} not mapped")


def main():
    data = bytearray(open(PATH, "rb").read())
    off = va_to_offset(DECRYPT_VA)
    for i in range(N_DWORDS):
        p = off + i * 4
        val = struct.unpack_from("<I", data, p)[0]
        struct.pack_into("<I", data, p, val ^ XOR_KEY)
    open("app6_plain.exe", "wb").write(data)
    print(f"decrypted {N_DWORDS} dwords at VA {DECRYPT_VA:#x} (file off {off:#x})")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

$ python3 decrypt_app6.py
decrypted 51 dwords at VA 0x4010d3 (file off 0x10d3)

用 objdump 反汇编还原后的代码：

$ objdump -d -M intel --start-address=0x4010d3 --stop-address=0x4011ef app6_plain.exe

004010d3 <.text+0xd3>:
  4010d3:  55                    push   ebp
  4010d4:  8b ec                 mov    ebp,esp
  4010d6:  83 ec 2c              sub    esp,0x2c
  4010d9:  c7 45 f0 63 61 6c 0a  mov    DWORD PTR [ebp-0x10],0xa6c6163   ; "cal\n"
  4010e0:  c7 45 f4 6d 61 67 69  mov    DWORD PTR [ebp-0xc],0x6967616d    ; "magi"
  4010e7:  68 40 70 40 00        push   0x407040                         ; "Please enter the password:"
  4010ec:  e8 47 05 00 00        call   0x401638
  4010f1:  83 c4 04              add    esp,0x4
  4010f4:  6a 10                 push   0x10
  4010f6:  6a 00                 push   0x0
  4010f8:  8d 45 d8              lea    eax,[ebp-0x28]
  4010fb:  50                    push   eax
  4010fc:  e8 df 04 00 00        call   0x4015e0                        ; memset(input,0,16)
  401101:  83 c4 0c              add    esp,0xc
  401104:  c7 45 ec 00 00 00 00  mov    DWORD PTR [ebp-0x14],0x0          ; len = 0
  40110b:  c7 45 e8 00 00 00 00  mov    DWORD PTR [ebp-0x18],0x0
  401112:  8b 0d 8c 70 40 00     mov    ecx,DWORD PTR ds:0x40708c
  401118:  83 e9 01              sub    ecx,0x1
  40111b:  89 0d 8c 70 40 00     mov    DWORD PTR ds:0x40708c,ecx
55 collapsed lines
  401121:  83 3d 8c 70 40 00 00  cmp    DWORD PTR ds:0x40708c,0x0
  401128:  7c 22                 jl     0x40114c
  40112a:  8b 15 88 70 40 00     mov    edx,DWORD PTR ds:0x407088
  401130:  0f be 02              movsx  eax,BYTE PTR [edx]
  401133:  25 ff 00 00 00        and    eax,0xff
  401138:  89 45 d4              mov    DWORD PTR [ebp-0x2c],eax
  40113b:  8b 0d 88 70 40 00     mov    ecx,DWORD PTR ds:0x407088
  401141:  83 c1 01              add    ecx,0x1
  401144:  89 0d 88 70 40 00     mov    DWORD PTR ds:0x407088,ecx
  40114a:  eb 10                 jmp    0x40115c
  40114c:  68 88 70 40 00        push   0x407088
  401151:  e8 e9 02 00 00        call   0x40143f
  401156:  83 c4 04              add    esp,0x4
  401159:  89 45 d4              mov    DWORD PTR [ebp-0x2c],eax
  40115c:  8a 55 d4              mov    dl,BYTE PTR [ebp-0x2c]
  40115f:  88 55 fc              mov    BYTE PTR [ebp-0x4],dl
  401162:  8b 45 ec              mov    eax,DWORD PTR [ebp-0x14]
  401165:  8a 4d fc              mov    cl,BYTE PTR [ebp-0x4]
  401168:  88 4c 05 d8           mov    BYTE PTR [ebp+eax*1-0x28],cl
  40116c:  8b 55 ec              mov    edx,DWORD PTR [ebp-0x14]
  40116f:  83 c2 01              add    edx,0x1
  401172:  89 55 ec              mov    DWORD PTR [ebp-0x14],edx            ; len++
  401175:  0f be 45 fc           movsx  eax,BYTE PTR [ebp-0x4]
  401179:  83 f8 0a              cmp    eax,0xa
  40117c:  74 0e                 je     0x40118c
  40117e:  0f be 4d fc           movsx  ecx,BYTE PTR [ebp-0x4]
  401182:  85 c9                 test   ecx,ecx
  401184:  74 06                 je     0x40118c
  401186:  83 7d ec 10           cmp    DWORD PTR [ebp-0x14],0x10
  40118a:  72 86                 jb     0x401112                          ; 最多 16 字节
  40118c:  8d 55 d8              lea    edx,[ebp-0x28]
  40118f:  89 55 f8              mov    DWORD PTR [ebp-0x8],edx            ; ptr = input
  401192:  c7 45 e8 00 00 00 00  mov    DWORD PTR [ebp-0x18],0x0
  401199:  eb 09                 jmp    0x4011a4
  40119b:  8b 45 e8              mov    eax,DWORD PTR [ebp-0x18]
  40119e:  83 c0 04              add    eax,0x4
  4011a1:  89 45 e8              mov    DWORD PTR [ebp-0x18],eax
  4011a4:  83 7d e8 08           cmp    DWORD PTR [ebp-0x18],0x8
  4011a8:  73 2e                 jae    0x4011d8
  4011aa:  8b 4d e8              mov    ecx,DWORD PTR [ebp-0x18]
  4011ad:  c1 e9 02              shr    ecx,0x2
  4011b0:  8b 55 ec              mov    edx,DWORD PTR [ebp-0x14]           ; edx = len
  4011b3:  2b 55 e8              sub    edx,DWORD PTR [ebp-0x18]           ; edx = len - i
  4011b6:  c1 ea 02              shr    edx,0x2                            ; edx = (len-i)/4
  4011b9:  8b 45 f8              mov    eax,DWORD PTR [ebp-0x8]
  4011bc:  8b 0c 88              mov    ecx,DWORD PTR [eax+ecx*4]          ; input_dword[i/4]
  4011bf:  3b 4c 95 ec           cmp    ecx,DWORD PTR [ebp+edx*4-0x14]     ; const_dword[(len-i)/4]
  4011c3:  74 11                 je     0x4011d6
  4011c5:  68 5c 70 40 00        push   0x40705c                          ; "Invalid Password"
  4011ca:  e8 3f 02 00 00        call   0x40140e
  4011cf:  83 c4 04              add    esp,0x4
  4011d2:  33 c0                 xor    eax,eax
  4011d4:  eb 15                 jmp    0x4011eb
  4011d6:  eb c3                 jmp    0x40119b
  4011d8:  8d 55 d8              lea    edx,[ebp-0x28]
  4011db:  52                    push   edx
  4011dc:  68 70 70 40 00        push   0x407070                          ; "The password is %s"
  4011e1:  e8 28 02 00 00        call   0x40140e
  4011e6:  83 c4 08              add    esp,0x8
  4011e9:  33 c0                 xor    eax,eax
  4011eb:  8b e5                 mov    esp,ebp
  4011ed:  5d                    pop    ebp
  4011ee:  c3                    ret

Step 4: 逆推比较逻辑

观察 → 推理：

0x4010d9 和 0x4010e0 把两个常量 dword 写进栈：[ebp-0x10] = 0xa6c6163（小端字节 63 61 6c 0a → "cal\n"）、[ebp-0xc] = 0x6967616d（6d 61 67 69 → "magi"）。
输入缓冲在 [ebp-0x28]，用 memset 清 16 字节；读取循环把每个字符写进去，遇到 \n、NUL 或长度到 0x10 就停，[ebp-0x14] 记录实际长度 len。
校验循环 i = 0, 4（cmp [ebp-0x18],0x8; jae done 说明只在 i<8 时比较，正好两个 dword）：
- 取 input_dword[i/4]，
- 和栈上 [ebp-0x14 + 4*((len-i)/4)] 比较。
[ebp-0x14] 往下正是 len、"cal\n"、"magi" 三个 dword。若输入长度 len = 8：
- i=0：比较 input_dword[0] 与 [ebp-0x14 + 4*(8/4)] = [ebp-0xc] = "magi"；
- i=4：比较 input_dword[1] 与 [ebp-0x14 + 4*((8-4)/4)] = [ebp-0x10] = "cal\n"。

所以输入的第 0 个 dword 要等于 "magi"、第 1 个 dword 要等于 "cal\n"，拼起来就是 7 个字母加一个换行。字符串常量在内存里的顺序是反的（cal\n 在前、magi 在后），靠索引 (len-i)/4 倒着取，拼回来才是 magical。

Step 5: 本地运行验证

程序是控制台程序，直接在 Wine 里跑即可（无需图形界面）：

$ printf 'magical\n' | wine app6/win/app6win.exe 2>/dev/null | tr -d '\r'
Please enter the password:
The password is magical

$ printf 'wrong\n' | wine app6/win/app6win.exe 2>/dev/null | tr -d '\r'
Please enter the password:
Invalid Password

程序在成功分支用 printf("The password is %s", input) 把答案回显出来，所以 The password is magical 这一行就是自证的验证结果。

magical